ABSTRACT
This study aimed to investigate the absorption mechanism of three curcumin constituents in rat small intestines. Self-emulsification was used to solubilize the three curcumin constituents, and the rat in situ intestinal perfusion method was used to study factors on drug absorption, including drug mass concentration, absorption site, and the different types and concentrations of absorption inhibitors. Within the scope of experimental concentrations, three curcumin constituents were absorbed in rat small intestines through the active transport mechanism.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic/pharmacology , Curcumin/analogs & derivatives , Curcumin/pharmacokinetics , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Intestinal Absorption , Intestine, Small/metabolism , Reference Values , Time Factors , Uncoupling Agents/pharmacology , Verapamil/pharmacology , Probenecid/pharmacology , Reproducibility of Results , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/antagonists & inhibitors , 2,4-Dinitrophenol/pharmacokinetics , Curcumin/chemistry , Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/analysis , Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Emulsions , Perfusion Imaging/methods , Intestinal Absorption/drug effects , Intestine, Small/drug effectsABSTRACT
Apoptosis is a programmed, physiologic mode of cell death that plays an important role in tissue homeostasis. As for the central nervous system, ischemic insults can induce pathophysiologic cascade of apoptosis in neurophils. Impairment of astroctye functions during brain ischemia can critically influence neuron survival by neuronglia interactions. We aimed to elucidate the protective effect of ketamine on apoptosis by energy deprivation in astrocytes. Ischemic insults was induced with iodoacetate/ carbonylcyanide mchlorophenylhydrazone (IAA/CCCP) 1.5 mM/ 20 micrometer or 150 micrometer/2 micrometer for 1 hr in the HTB-15 and CRL-1690 astrocytoma cells. Then these cells were reperfused with normal media or ketamine (0.1 mM) containing media for 1 hr or 24 hr. FITC-annexin-V staining and propidium iodide binding were determined by using flow cytometry. Cell size and granularity were measured by forward and side light scattering properties of flow cytometry system, respectively. An addition of keta-mine during reperfusion increased the proportion of viable cells. Ketamine alleviated cell shrinkage and increased granularity during the early period, and ameliorated cell swelling during the late reperfusion period. Ketamine may have a valuable effect on amelioration of early and late apoptosis in the astrocytoma cells, even though the exact mechanism remains to be verified.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anesthetics, Dissociative/pharmacology , Annexin A5/pharmacology , Apoptosis , Astrocytes/metabolism , Astrocytoma/drug therapy , Brain/pathology , Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone/pharmacology , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Size , Cell Survival , Central Nervous System/drug effects , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Flow Cytometry/methods , Indicators and Reagents/pharmacology , Iodoacetates/pharmacology , Ischemia/pathology , Ketamine/metabolism , Light , Neurons/metabolism , Neutrophils/metabolism , Perfusion , Propidium/pharmacology , Scattering, Radiation , Time Factors , Uncoupling Agents/pharmacologySubject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Feeding Behavior/psychology , Obesity/etiology , Appetite Regulation/physiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Diet, Reducing/psychology , Stress, Psychological/etiology , Feeding Behavior , Leptin/pharmacology , Lipolysis/physiology , Energy Metabolism/physiology , Peroxisome Proliferators/agonists , Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/metabolism , Socioeconomic Factors , Uncoupling Agents/pharmacologyABSTRACT
The effect of psychosine on the rate of respiration at different segments of the electron transport chain, respiratory control ratio and the efficiency of phosphorylation was studied. The transfer of electrons through site I, site II and site III was studied independently. The transfer through site I and site III was inhibited by psychosine, whereas the transfer through site II was not inhibited. Cardiolipin, which is essential for the electron transfer through site I and III, was implicated to be responsible for the inhibition of electron transfer by psychosine. Electron carriers of site II are not sensitive to cardiolipin, so psychosine could not inhibit the electron transfer through this site. The ADP/O ratio and respiratory control ratio were inhibited by psychosine showing that it has an uncoupler like effect. Mitochondria isolated from rat liver, kidney and brain behaved essentially the same way in their response to psychosine. Cytochrome c oxidase was significantly inhibited by psychosine and the degree of inhibition was almost same in mitochondria and sub mitochondrial particles. The preence of outer membrane in mitochondria did not make any difference with respect to the action of psychosine on electron transport chain. Psychosine interacts at site I and site III and a change in the lipid environment of the membrane is responsible for the mitochondrial dysfunctions induced by psychosine. This represents a possible mechanism for the destruction of cells in Gaucher's and Krabbe's disease.
Subject(s)
Animals , Brain/physiology , Cardiolipins/metabolism , Cell Respiration/drug effects , Electron Transport/drug effects , Electron Transport Complex IV , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Gaucher Disease/physiopathology , Kidney/physiology , Leukodystrophy, Globoid Cell/physiopathology , Liver/physiology , Male , Mitochondria/drug effects , Oxidative Phosphorylation/drug effects , Phosphorylation , Psychosine/pharmacology , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Succinate Cytochrome c Oxidoreductase/metabolism , Uncoupling Agents/pharmacologyABSTRACT
A mitochondrial pyrophosphatase (PPase) from yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was studied and characterized. The hydrolytic activity towards inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) was inhibited by different SH-reagents and increased in the presence of uncouplers, indicating a possible involvement of this enzyme in energy-linked processes. This view was also supported by the observation that these mitochondria were able to hydrolyze PPi, generating an electrical membrane potential (delta psi) of the same magnitude as that obtained with ATP. Both ATP and PPi inhibited the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and it was demonstrated that PPi can be used as substrate by mitochondrial kinases leading to the same pattern of protein phosphorylation as when ATP is used